基于前因的干预

Antecedent-based Intervention,ABI

概述

什么是 ABI?

基于前因的干预(antecedent-based intervention,ABI)源于应用行为分析,用于处理干扰性行为(例如:重复的、破坏性的)和任务行为(例如:参与到特定的任务/活动中)。ABI 通常与其他循证干预方法一起使用,如功能性行为评估(FBA)、消退(EXT)和强化(R+)。

教师和从业者可以通过 ABI 来识别立即发生在所确定的干扰性行为之前和之后的事件。对发生在干扰性行为之前和之后的事件的识别,可使教师和从业者确定在环境中出现的、促使学习者表现出干扰性行为的条件或事件(即前因),以及在行为发生后强化了行为的条件或事件(即结果)。

循证依据

根据最近的研究,基于前因的干预符合 NPDC 制定的循证实践标准,其中包含 32 项个案设计研究。该方法对学前(3-5 岁)到高中(15-22 岁)的 ASD 学习者有效。《2014 年循证实践报告》详细介绍了如何有效利用基于前因的干预来处理社交、沟通、行为、入学准备、游戏、运动、适应性和学业的问题。

谁可以使用 ABI?

学校和社区环境中的专业人员,包括教师、特殊教育工作者、治疗师、准专业人士和早期干预人员,都可以采用基于前因的干预方法。父母和家庭成员同样可以在家中使用该方法。

循证依据

美国国家自闭症专业发展中心(NPDC)采用以下标准来评定该方法是否具有循证依据。更多关于评定过程的信息,请查阅《2014 年循证实践报告》(Wong et al., 2014)。

方法有效性的确立需要有高质量、发表在同行评议杂志上的研究支持,需要满足以下条件之一:

  • 随机或准实验设计研究(至少两项高质量的实验设计研究或准实验组设计研究);
  • 个案设计研究(至少五项高质量的个案设计研究,由至少三个不同的研究者或研究团队发表);
  • 一项高质量的随机或准实验组设计研究和三个高质量的个案设计研究,由至少三个不同的研究者或研究团队发表。

概述

基于前因的干预是一种用于减少干扰性行为和增加任务行为的循证干预方法。ABI 得到了 32 项个案设计研究的支持,符合循证实践标准。该方法对从早期干预(0-2 岁)到高中(15-22 岁)的 ASD 学习者都是有效的。《2014 年循证实践报告》中的研究详细说明了如何有效地利用基于前因的干预方法应对:行为、游戏、社交、沟通、入学准备、适应性、学业和运动的问题。

下表为按参与者年龄划分的循证依据研究的结果:

早期干预
0-2 岁
学前
3-5 岁
小学
6-11 岁
初中
12-14 岁
高中
15-22 岁
社交社交社交社交
沟通沟通沟通沟通
行为行为行为行为行为
入学准备入学准备入学准备
游戏游戏游戏
运动
适应性适应性适应性
学业学业学业

相关研究

早期干预(0-2 岁)

学前(3-5 岁)

小学(6-11 岁)

初中(12-14 岁)

高中(15-22 岁)

*表示研究涵盖了多个年龄段的参与者。

步骤指南

为了确保您所选的循证干预方法(Evidence-Based Practice, EBP)能满足学习者的学习需求,以下的每一点都很重要。

您是否已了解以下信息:

  • 确定行为……
  • 通过直接观察收集基线数据……
  • 设定目标行为,需明确目标行为应该何时发生,目标技能是什么以及您的团队依据什么判断学习者已经掌握了这种技能……

如果对以上任一信息不了解,请回顾如何选择 EBP 的过程。

步骤 1:计划 ABI

本步骤解释了准备使用 ABI 时需要考虑的事项。请一定要使用功能性行为评估(functional behavior assessment,FBA)来识别和定义干扰性行为。

1.1 通过 FBA 识别并定义干扰性行为

为了帮助识别干扰学习和/或发展的行为,团队成员应该完成功能性行为评估(FBA)。更多信息,请访问“功能性行为评估”模块。

1.2 通过直接观察法收集基线数据

为了收集有关干扰性行为的数据,团队成员应该使用《A-B-C 数据图表》。《A-B-C 数据图表》可以帮助团队成员识别行为之前直接发生的事情(前因)、描述行为、并确定行为之后会直接发生什么(结果)。

使用《A-B-C 数据图表》来理解为什么学习者可能会做出该干扰性行为。

1.3 审阅基于直接观察的数据

数据表(通常在 FBA 文献中被称为散点图)可以用来帮助团队确定行为的可能功能、行为发生的时间以及一天中实施干预以减少干扰性行为的可能时间。

使用《ABI 数据收集及记录》来识别行为模式。

1.4 提出假设和总体目标

根据收集到的信息,该团队要提出包含以下内容的假设:

  • 围绕干扰性行为的环境事件、直接前因和直接结果。
  • 重述和完善对正在发生的干扰性行为的描述。
  • 行为的功能(例如,获取、逃避某事物)。

使用《ABI 计划表》来提出一个假设和目标。

步骤 2:使用 ABI

本节描述了通过选择应对行为功能的 ABI 策略来实施 ABI 的过程。

2.1 选择应对干扰性行为功能的 ABI 策略

根据从 FBA 和计划步骤收集到的信息,团队成员可以确定一种 ABI 策略用于应对干扰性行为的功能(Kern & Clemens, 2007)。可能的 ABI 策略包括:

  • 利用学习者的偏好(在非偏好的活动中包含高度偏好的项目,以防止学习者想要逃避或躲避该活动);
  • 修改行程/流程(创建可预测的行程表/流程,并使用视觉支持);
  • 实施活动前干预(为学习者提供需要参与的活动或流程的信息);
  • 利用选择(向学习者提供选择,使其增加对情景的控制感);
  • 改变教学方式(调整或修改教学,以促进学习者积极参与到课堂活动和运用课堂材料);
  • 使用感官刺激丰富环境(向学习者提供偏好的感官刺激)。

2.2 创建包含选定的 ABI 策略的课程计划

制定包括以下内容的课程计划,确保所选的基于前因的干预策略包括在内:

  • 使得 ASD 学习者减少干扰性行为的每周目标
  • 对策略以及教师/从业者应如何做进行描述
  • 实施基于前因的干预方法所需的材料

使用《ABI 课程计划》来创建使用 ABI 的课程计划。

2.3 忽视干扰性行为

教师和从业者不应该在干扰性行为发生时提供强化。欲了解更多关于“消退”的信息,请查看“消退”模块。

2.4 为学习者提供强化

为了促进适当的行为,请记住在学习者每次未做出干扰性行为和完成每周目标时都要提供强化。

步骤 3:监控 ABI

下面的过程描述了如何监控该干预方法的使用,以及如何根据数据确定后续步骤。

3.1 收集和分析干扰性行为数据

通过收集频率数据和/或持续时间数据来衡量学习者干扰性行为的出现情况。

使用《ABI 事件采样表》《ABI 持续时间数据》来监控行为。

3.2 根据学习者的进步情况确定后续步骤

收集数据将帮助团队成员确定学习者是否取得进步以及所确定的干扰性行为是否减少。如果收集的数据显示学习者取得了进步,那么团队成员应继续使用这些策略。

如果 ASD 学习者在选择的策略和循证干预方法下没有取得进步,问自己以下问题:

  • 行为的界定是否明确?
  • 行为是可测量和可观察的吗?
  • 功能性行为评估(FBA)是否表明了行为的功能?
  • ABI 策略是否针对了干扰性行为的功能?
  • 团队成员是否忽视了干扰性行为?
  • 团队成员是否为学习者提供了强化?

如果这些问题已经得到解决,但学习者仍然表现出高频率的干扰性行为,那么请考虑为学习者选择另外一种 EBP 或策略。

相关表格

专业人员提示表

家长指南

附加资源

文章

  • Turner, K. S., & Johnson, C. R. (2013). Behavioral interventions to address sleep disturbances in children with autism spectrum disorders: A review. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 33(3), 144-152.

应用软件

  • First Then Visual Schedule HD by Good Karma Applications, INC ($14.99)
  • Pictello by AssistiveWare($19.99)

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本资料由星之光盐樊越波团队获得授权组织翻译并拥有中文版权,未经授权,严禁转载。

资料原文建议引用:

  • Sam, A., & AFIRM Team. (2016). Antecedent-based intervention. Chapel Hill, NC: National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder, FPG Child Development Center, University of North Carolina. Retrieved from http://afirm.fpg.unc.edu/antecedent-based-intervention